《独立开发者的商业指南·合同、应收与风险》7.3 IP 归属、转让与员工发明

美术重制预算 = $84,000 × 30% = $25,200

// file: src/contract/ownership.ts
// tier: L1
// verify: node --test test/contract/ownership.test.ts

import { type Cents } from "../core/money.ts";
import { type Bps, applyRate } from "../core/rate.ts";
import { type Result, fail, ok } from "../core/result.ts";

export type CreatorRole = "employee" | "contractor" | "joint" | "founder";
export type ContractTerm =
  | "none"
  | "work_for_hire"
  | "assignment"
  | "exclusive_license"
  | "joint_ownership";
export type Owner = "company" | "creator" | "shared";
export type RiskLevel = "low" | "medium" | "high";

export type OwnershipState = {
  owner: Owner;
  transferable: boolean;
  consentRequired: boolean;
  risk: RiskLevel;
  note: string;
};

function isRole(value: string): value is CreatorRole {
  return (
    value === "employee" ||
    value === "contractor" ||
    value === "joint" ||
    value === "founder"
  );
}

function isTerm(value: string): value is ContractTerm {
  return (
    value === "none" ||
    value === "work_for_hire" ||
    value === "assignment" ||
    value === "exclusive_license" ||
    value === "joint_ownership"
  );
}

/**
 * Defaults are commercial rules of thumb, not legal advice. The common failure
 * is assuming that paying someone means owning the output: contractors usually
 * keep their rights unless they assign them.
 */
export function defaultOwnership(role: CreatorRole): OwnershipState {
  if (role === "employee") {
    return {
      owner: "company",
      transferable: true,
      consentRequired: false,
      risk: "low",
      note: "职务范围内通常归雇主；职务外创作与既有 IP 要单独列明",
    };
  }
  if (role === "contractor") {
    return {
      owner: "creator",
      transferable: false,
      consentRequired: true,
      risk: "high",
      note: "外包方默认保留权利；没有转让条款时，公司通常只有有限使用权",
    };
  }
  if (role === "joint") {
    return {
      owner: "shared",
      transferable: false,
      consentRequired: true,
      risk: "high",
      note: "共有人通常需一致同意才能转让或对外独占授权",
    };
  }
  return {
    owner: "creator",
    transferable: false,
    consentRequired: true,
    risk: "high",
    note: "公司是独立主体；创始人未签转让时，公司不自动拥有 IP",
  };
}

/** Apply one contract term on top of the default position. */
export function contractedOwnership(
  role: CreatorRole,
  term: ContractTerm,
): Result<OwnershipState> {
  if (!isRole(role)) {
    return fail(`unknown creator role: ${role}`);
  }
  if (!isTerm(term)) {
    return fail(`unknown contract term: ${term}`);
  }
  if (term === "none") {
    return ok(defaultOwnership(role));
  }
  if (term === "work_for_hire" || term === "assignment") {
    return ok({
      owner: "company",
      transferable: true,
      consentRequired: false,
      risk: "low",
      note:
        term === "work_for_hire"
          ? "合同明确为职务创作，经济权利归公司；人身权与职务外作品另行核对"
          : "创作者把经济权利转让给公司；须覆盖既有作品与后续修改",
    });
  }
  if (term === "exclusive_license") {
    return ok({
      owner: "creator",
      transferable: false,
      consentRequired: true,
      risk: "medium",
      note: "独占许可只给使用权，所有权仍在创作者；出售公司时不在资产表内",
    });
  }
  return ok({
    owner: "shared",
    transferable: false,
    consentRequired: true,
    risk: "high",
    note: "共有安排要写清分成、授权同意与退出买断",
  });
}

export type RebuildInput = {
  baseCostCents: Cents;
  assetShareBps: Bps;
  managementOverrunBps: Bps;
  buyoutPremiumLowBps: Bps;
  buyoutPremiumHighBps: Bps;
};

export type RebuildEstimate = {
  assetReplacementCents: Cents;
  managedReplacementCents: Cents;
  buyoutLowCents: Cents;
  buyoutHighCents: Cents;
};

/**
 * If an asset was never assigned, the company may have to rebuild it or buy it
 * back. The rebuild budget is the full asset base; the share is the portion at
 * risk; the overrun covers re-briefing, review and schedule pressure.
 */
export function rebuildEstimate(input: RebuildInput): Result<RebuildEstimate> {
  if (!Number.isInteger(input.baseCostCents) || input.baseCostCents <= 0) {
    return fail("base cost must be a positive integer amount in cents");
  }
  if (
    !Number.isInteger(input.assetShareBps) ||
    input.assetShareBps <= 0 ||
    input.assetShareBps > 10000
  ) {
    return fail("asset share must be between 1 and 10000 bps");
  }
  for (const [value, label, max] of [
    [input.managementOverrunBps, "management overrun", 10000],
    [input.buyoutPremiumLowBps, "buyout premium low", 20000],
    [input.buyoutPremiumHighBps, "buyout premium high", 20000],
  ] as Array<[Bps, string, number]>) {
    if (!Number.isInteger(value) || value < 0 || value > max) {
      return fail(`${label} must be between 0 and ${max} bps`);
    }
  }
  if (input.buyoutPremiumHighBps < input.buyoutPremiumLowBps) {
    return fail("buyout premium high must not be below the low end");
  }

  const assetReplacementCents = applyRate(
    input.baseCostCents,
    input.assetShareBps,
  );
  const managedReplacementCents = applyRate(
    assetReplacementCents,
    10000 + input.managementOverrunBps,
  );

  return ok({
    assetReplacementCents,
    managedReplacementCents,
    buyoutLowCents: applyRate(
      managedReplacementCents,
      10000 + input.buyoutPremiumLowBps,
    ),
    buyoutHighCents: applyRate(
      managedReplacementCents,
      10000 + input.buyoutPremiumHighBps,
    ),
  });
}

/** Value a buyer may discount when a share of the IP cannot be transferred. */
export function valueAtRisk(
  anchorCents: Cents,
  assetShareBps: Bps,
): Result<Cents> {
  if (!Number.isInteger(anchorCents) || anchorCents <= 0) {
    return fail("anchor value must be a positive integer amount in cents");
  }
  if (
    !Number.isInteger(assetShareBps) ||
    assetShareBps <= 0 ||
    assetShareBps > 10000
  ) {
    return fail("asset share must be between 1 and 10000 bps");
  }
  return ok(applyRate(anchorCents, assetShareBps));
}