Python 桌面 GUI 应用开发

import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import ttk

class App(tk.Tk):
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.title("示例工具")
        self.geometry("480x320")

        self.count = tk.IntVar(value=0)
        ttk.Label(self, text="计数器").pack(padx=12, pady=(12, 4))
        ttk.Label(self, textvariable=self.count).pack()
        ttk.Button(self, text="+1", command=self.inc).pack(pady=12)

    def inc(self) -> None:
        self.count.set(self.count.get() + 1)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    App().mainloop()

# grid：表单布局
ttk.Label(root, text="主机").grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="e", padx=4, pady=4)
ttk.Entry(root).grid(row=0, column=1, sticky="ew", padx=4, pady=4)
root.columnconfigure(1, weight=1)   # 让第 1 列可伸缩

# pack：工具栏
toolbar = ttk.Frame(root)
toolbar.pack(side="top", fill="x")
ttk.Button(toolbar, text="打开").pack(side="left")

name = tk.StringVar()
entry = ttk.Entry(root, textvariable=name)
entry.pack()

def on_change(*_args) -> None:
    print("now:", name.get())

name.trace_add("write", on_change)   # 变量变化时回调

def on_key(event: tk.Event) -> None:
    if event.keysym == "Return":
        submit()
    elif event.keysym == "Escape":
        root.destroy()

root.bind("<Return>", on_key)
root.bind("<Control-s>", lambda e: save())
button.bind("<Double-Button-1>", lambda e: on_double())

from tkinter import filedialog, messagebox

menubar = tk.Menu(root)
filemenu = tk.Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
filemenu.add_command(label="打开…", command=lambda: filedialog.askopenfilename(
    filetypes=[("文本", "*.txt"), ("全部", "*.*")]))
filemenu.add_command(label="退出", command=root.quit)
menubar.add_cascade(label="文件", menu=filemenu)
root.config(menu=menubar)

if messagebox.askyesno("确认", "确定要删除吗？"):
    ...

style = ttk.Style()
style.theme_use("clam")     # 或 'vista' / 'aqua'

import sys
from PySide6.QtWidgets import (
    QApplication, QMainWindow, QWidget, QVBoxLayout,
    QPushButton, QLabel, QLineEdit,
)

class MainWindow(QMainWindow):
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.setWindowTitle("示例应用")
        self.resize(640, 480)

        central = QWidget()
        layout = QVBoxLayout(central)
        self.input = QLineEdit(placeholderText="输入内容")
        self.label = QLabel("就绪")
        self.button = QPushButton("执行")

        layout.addWidget(self.input)
        layout.addWidget(self.button)
        layout.addWidget(self.label)
        self.setCentralWidget(central)

        self.button.clicked.connect(self.on_click)

    def on_click(self) -> None:
        self.label.setText(f"收到：{self.input.text()}")

app = QApplication(sys.argv)
window = MainWindow()
window.show()
sys.exit(app.exec())

from PySide6.QtCore import Signal, QObject

class Worker(QObject):
    progress = Signal(int)          # 自定义信号
    finished = Signal(str)

    def run(self) -> None:
        for i in range(101):
            self.progress.emit(i)
        self.finished.emit("done")

worker = Worker()
worker.progress.connect(lambda v: bar.setValue(v))
worker.finished.connect(lambda msg: label.setText(msg))

from PySide6.QtCore import QAbstractTableModel, QModelIndex, Qt

class BookModel(QAbstractTableModel):
    HEADERS = ["标题", "作者", "年份"]

    def __init__(self, rows: list[dict]) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self._rows = rows

    def rowCount(self, parent=QModelIndex()) -> int:
        return len(self._rows)

    def columnCount(self, parent=QModelIndex()) -> int:
        return len(self.HEADERS)

    def data(self, index: QModelIndex, role=Qt.DisplayRole):
        if role != Qt.DisplayRole:
            return None
        row = self._rows[index.row()]
        return [row["title"], row["author"], row["year"]][index.column()]

view = QTableView()
view.setModel(BookModel(books))

# QSS：类似 CSS 的样式表
app.setStyleSheet("""
    QPushButton { background: #2d7ff9; color: white; border-radius: 4px;
                  padding: 6px 14px; }
    QPushButton:hover { background: #1f6fe0; }
""")

# 反例：在按钮回调里做耗时操作
def on_click(self) -> None:
    result = heavy_computation()   # 5 秒 → 界面完全冻结
    self.label.setText(result)

from PySide6.QtCore import QThread, Signal

class ComputeTask(QThread):
    done = Signal(object)
    failed = Signal(str)

    def __init__(self, payload) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self._payload = payload

    def run(self) -> None:
        try:
            result = heavy_computation(self._payload)
            self.done.emit(result)
        except Exception as e:
            self.failed.emit(str(e))

# 使用
self.task = ComputeTask(data)
self.task.done.connect(self.on_done)
self.task.failed.connect(self.on_error)
self.task.start()

from PySide6.QtCore import QRunnable, QThreadPool, Slot

class Task(QRunnable):
    def __init__(self, fn, *args) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self._fn = fn
        self._args = args
        self.signals = TaskSignals()

    @Slot()
    def run(self) -> None:
        try:
            self.signals.result.emit(self._fn(*self._args))
        except Exception as e:
            self.signals.error.emit(str(e))

pool = QThreadPool.globalInstance()
pool.start(Task(process_file, path))

import queue, threading
import tkinter as tk

q: queue.Queue = queue.Queue()

def worker() -> None:
    result = heavy_computation()
    q.put(result)          # 只放队列，不碰控件

def poll() -> None:
    try:
        while True:
            result = q.get_nowait()
            label.config(text=str(result))
    except queue.Empty:
        pass
    root.after(100, poll)  # 每 100ms 轮询一次

threading.Thread(target=worker, daemon=True).start()
root.after(100, poll)

import json
from pathlib import Path

CONFIG_FILE = Path.home() / ".config" / "myapp" / "config.json"

def load_config() -> dict:
    if CONFIG_FILE.exists():
        return json.loads(CONFIG_FILE.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
    return {"theme": "light", "recent": []}

def save_config(cfg: dict) -> None:
    CONFIG_FILE.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
    tmp = CONFIG_FILE.with_suffix(".tmp")
    tmp.write_text(json.dumps(cfg, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2), encoding="utf-8")
    tmp.replace(CONFIG_FILE)     # 原子写入

from PySide6.QtCore import QSettings

settings = QSettings("MyCompany", "MyApp")
settings.setValue("theme", "dark")

import sqlite3

conn = sqlite3.connect(CONFIG_DIR / "app.db")
conn.execute("PRAGMA journal_mode=WAL")    # 提升并发读写
conn.execute("""
    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS notes (
        id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
        title TEXT NOT NULL,
        body TEXT,
        updated_at TEXT DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
    )
""")

from PySide6.QtWidgets import QFileDialog

path, _ = QFileDialog.getOpenFileName(
    self, "选择文件", str(Path.home()), "图片 (*.png *.jpg);;全部 (*)")

# 拖放：接受文件拖入
self.setAcceptDrops(True)

def dropEvent(self, event) -> None:
    for url in event.mimeData().urls():
        self.load_file(url.toLocalFile())

uv add --dev pyinstaller

# Windows：单文件、无控制台、带图标
pyinstaller --onefile --windowed --name MyApp \
    --icon assets/app.ico \
    --add-data "assets;assets" \
    src/myapp/__main__.py

# macOS / Linux 用冒号分隔
pyinstaller --onefile --windowed --name MyApp \
    --add-data "assets:assets" \
    src/myapp/__main__.py

# 排除用不到的大模块
pyinstaller --onefile --windowed \
    --exclude-module matplotlib \
    --exclude-module numpy \
    --exclude-module pandas \
    --exclude-module PySide6.QtWebEngineCore \
    src/myapp/__main__.py

# GitHub Actions 三平台矩阵
jobs:
  build:
    strategy:
      matrix:
        os: [windows-latest, macos-14, ubuntu-latest]
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5
      - run: uv sync --dev
      - run: uv run pyinstaller --onefile --windowed --name MyApp src/myapp/__main__.py
      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: MyApp-${{ matrix.os }}
          path: dist/*

# macOS 签名与公证
codesign --deep --force --options runtime \
    --sign "Developer ID Application: Your Name (TEAMID)" dist/MyApp.app

xcrun notarytool submit dist/MyApp.zip \
    --apple-id you@example.com --team-id TEAMID --wait

xcrun stapler staple dist/MyApp.app

# 可单测的纯逻辑
def compute_stats(rows: list[dict]) -> dict:
    return {"count": len(rows), "total": sum(r["value"] for r in rows)}

# 界面层只做「取输入 → 调逻辑 → 显示结果」
def on_click(self) -> None:
    self.label.setText(str(compute_stats(self.model.rows)))

# Qt 提供 QTest 做控件级测试，pytest-qt 的 qtbot fixture 封装了常用操作
from PySide6.QtTest import QTest
from PySide6.QtCore import Qt

def test_button_click(qtbot):
    window = MainWindow()
    qtbot.addWidget(window)
    qtbot.mouseClick(window.button, Qt.LeftButton)
    assert window.label.text() == "收到："

# PyInstaller 下正确读取打包资源
import sys
from pathlib import Path

def resource_path(rel: str) -> Path:
    base = Path(getattr(sys, "_MEIPASS", Path(__file__).parent))
    return base / rel